To present the scientific evidence that provides the theoretical framework upon which propagation is based. To describe in detail procedures and techniques up-to-date propagation methods in important horticultural plants. To provide students with the basic biological background which is necessary for a comprehensive understanding of propagation in all of its aspects. To provide students with the environmental aspects of propagation. To present the concept of variation within clones with emphasis on trueness-tocultivar, trueness-to-type and freedom from pathogen. To provide the student with understanding of propagation by tissue culture techniques