This course focuses on physiological bases of plant growth and development under various environments. Topics covered include the study of growth and developmental processes in plants with emphasis on the regulatory effects of hormones environmental factors. The course also covers assimilation and growth with emphasis on photosynthesis partitioning and dynamics of growth, seedling vigor, light interception and canopy growth, root growth, reproduction and yield . Photo- and gravitropism; photomorphogenesis and phytochrome; physiologly of flower formation and development of seeds and fruits. Tools to study crop growth and development .